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Constellation Software Inc. Announces Results for the Fourth Quarter and Year Ended December 31, 2018 and Declares Quarterly and Special Dividends

TORONTO, Feb. 13, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Constellation Software Inc. (TSX:CSU) (“Constellation” or the “Company”) today announced its financial results for the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2018 and declared a $1.00 per share dividend and $20.00 per share special dividend both payable on April 5, 2019 to all common shareholders of record at close of business on March 16, 2019. Constellation invested $603 million in acquisitions during 2018 at rates of return that we believe will be attractive. We are optimistic about our acquisition pace for 2019, but we feel that we have capital in excess of our needs and should return the excess to shareholders. Both dividends have been designated as eligible dividends for the purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada). Please note that all dollar amounts referred to in this press release are in U.S. Dollars unless otherwise stated.

The following press release should be read in conjunction with the Company’s annual Consolidated Financial Statements, prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and our annual Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the year ended December 31, 2018, which can be found on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on the Company’s website www.csisoftware.com.  Additional information about the Company is also available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.

Q4 2018 Headlines:

2018 Headlines:

Total revenue for the quarter ended December 31, 2018 was $831 million, an increase of 21%, or $143 million, compared to $688 million for the comparable period in 2017.  For the 2018 fiscal year total revenues were $3,060 million, an increase of 23%, or $581 million, compared to $2,479 million for the 2017 fiscal year.  The increase for both the three and twelve month periods compared to the same periods in the prior year is primarily attributable to growth from acquisitions as the Company experienced organic growth of 2% in both periods, 3% and 1% respectively after adjusting for the impact of changes in the valuation of the US dollar against most major currencies in which the Company transacts business.  For acquired companies, organic growth is calculated as the difference between actual revenues achieved by each company in the financial period following acquisition compared to the estimated revenues they achieved in the corresponding financial period preceding the date of acquisition by Constellation.  The Company adopted IFRS 15 “Revenue from contracts with customers” (“IFRS 15”) effective January 1, 2018 utilizing the cumulative effect method.  Under the cumulative effect method comparative periods have not been restated; however, the quantitative differences between reported results under IFRS 15 and those that would have been reported under IAS 11 and IAS 18 (“prior IFRS”) have been disclosed in the Company’s financial statements.  For the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 total revenue was $3 million lower and $4 million higher respectively than it would have been under prior IFRS.  The organic growth figures included above and below exclude the impact of IFRS 15.

For the quarter ended December 31, 2018, Adjusted EBITA increased to $226 million compared to $175 million for the same period in 2017 representing an increase of 29%.  For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, Adjusted EBITA increased to $757 million compared to $621 million during the same period in 2017, representing an increase of 22%.  For the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018, Adjusted EBITA was $3 million lower and $4 million higher respectively, than it would have been under prior IFRS.  Adjusted EBITA margin was 27% and 25% for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 respectively, compared to 25% during the same periods in 2017.  Excluding the impact of IFRS 15, Adjusted EBITA margin would still have been 27% and 25% for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018, respectively.

Net income for the quarter ended December 31, 2018 was $179 million compared to net income of $76 million for the same period in 2017.  On a per share basis this translated into a net income per diluted share of $8.45 in the quarter ended December 31, 2018 compared to net income per diluted share of $3.60 for the same period in 2017.  For the 2018 fiscal year, net income was $379 million or $17.90 per diluted share compared to $222 million or $10.47 per diluted share for the 2017 fiscal year.  Excluding the $63 million bargain purchase gain described below, Net income was $116 million ($5.49 on a diluted per share basis) for the quarter ended December 31, 2018 and $317 million ($14.94 on a diluted per share basis) for the 2018 fiscal year.

For the quarter ended December 31, 2018, Adjusted net income increased to $187 million from $141 million for the same period in 2017, representing an increase of 33%.  Adjusted net income margin was 23% for the quarter ended December 31, 2018 and 20% for the same period in 2017.  For the quarter ended December 31, 2018, Adjusted net income was $2 million lower than it would have been under prior IFRS (IAS 18).  For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, Adjusted net income increased to $597 million from $463 million during the same period in 2017, representing an increase of 29%.  Adjusted net income margin was 20% for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and 19% for the same period in 2017.  For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, Adjusted net income was $3 million higher than it would have been under prior IFRS (IAS 18).  Excluding the impact of the unrealized foreign exchange (gain) loss recorded in each of the three and twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, an $8 million financial liability accrual reversal recorded to finance and other income in Q1 2018, and the impacts of IFRS 15, the margins would have been 22% and 19% for the respective periods in 2018, and 20% and 19% for the respective periods in 2017.      

For the quarter ended December 31, 2018 Cash flows from operations were $208 million, an increase of 28%, or $46 million, compared to $163 million for the comparable period in 2017.  For the 2018 fiscal year Cash flows from operations were $662 million, an increase of 25%, or $134 million, compared to $528 million for 2017.  

The following table displays our revenue by reportable segment and the percentage change for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017:

                         
    Three months ended
December 31,
Period-Over-Period
Change
Organic
Growth
  Year ended
December 31,
Period-Over-Period
Change
Organic
Growth
                         
    2018 2017 $ % %   2018 2017 $ % %
    ($M, except percentages)     ($M, except percentages)  
Public Sector                        
Licenses   33 32 1   4 % -12 %   121 107 14   13 % -10 %
Professional services   132 112 20   18 % -2 %   471 398 73   18 % -2 %
Hardware and other   51 43 9   21 % 13 %   146 139 8   6 % -4 %
Maintenance and other recurring 340 287 53   19 % 1 %   1,309 1,046 264   25 % 4 %
    556 473 83   18 % 1 %   2,048 1,689 358   21 % 1 %
                 
Private Sector                        
Licenses   24 18 6   35 % 15 %   77 64 14   22 % 3 %
Professional services   41 28 13   46 % 12 %   145 100 45   45 % 10 %
Hardware and other   7 8 (1 ) -14 % -36 %   28 29 (1 ) -3 % -32 %
Maintenance and other recurring 202 161 41   26 % 4 %   763 598 165   28 % 6 %
    275 215 60   28 % 4 %   1,013 790 222   28 % 4 %
                         
Certain totals and percentages may not reconcile due to rounding.
                         

For purposes of calculating organic growth, estimated pre-acquisition revenue from the relevant companies acquired in 2017 and 2018 was added to actual reported revenue for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2017.

Public Sector

For the quarter ended December 31, 2018, total revenue in the public sector reportable segment increased 18%, or $83 million to $556 million, compared to $473 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2017.  For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, total revenue increased by 21%, or $358 million to $2,048 million, compared to $1,689 million for the comparable period in 2017.  For purposes of calculating organic growth, estimated pre-acquisition revenues included from the relevant companies acquired in 2017 and 2018 was $84 million and $332 million for the three and twelve month periods ended December 31, 2017, respectively.  For the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 total revenue was respectively $3 million lower and $2 million higher than it would have been under prior IFRS.  Organic revenue growth was 1% for both the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017, and 2% and 0% respectively after adjusting for the impact of changes in the valuation of the US dollar against most major currencies in which the Company transacts business.  Organic growth excludes the impact of IFRS 15.

Private Sector

For the quarter ended December 31, 2018, total revenue in the private sector reportable segment increased 28%, or $60 million to $275 million, compared to $215 million for the quarter ended December 31, 2017.  For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, total revenue increased by 28%, or $222 million to $1,013 million, compared to $790 million for the comparable period in 2017.  For purposes of calculating organic growth, estimated pre-acquisition revenues included from the relevant companies acquired in 2017 and 2018 was $48 million and $179 million for the three and twelve month periods ended December 31, 2017, respectively.  For the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 total revenue was respectively $0.4 million and $1 million higher than it would have been under prior IFRS.  Organic revenue growth was 4% for both the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017, and 6% and 4% respectively after adjusting for the impact of changes in the valuation of the US dollar against most major currencies in which the Company transacts business.  Organic growth excludes the impact of IFRS 15.   

Bargain purchase gain

Bargain purchase gains totalling $68 million and $69 million were recorded in the three and twelve month periods ended December 31, 2018 relating to nine acquisitions made during 2017 and 2018.  Of the 2018 amounts $63 million relates to a single acquisition made in the fourth quarter for aggregate cash consideration of $nil.  Prior to acquisition the previous owners had begun an extensive restructuring of the business which will need to be completed under Constellation’s ownership.   It is therefore expected that the business will generate large cash and operating losses in 2019.  For Constellation to ensure a sufficient return on its investment in the turnaround of the business there was a requirement as part of the acquisition for the seller to capitalize the balance sheet on closing with cash in the amount of €47 million (US$53 million). While this cash will be required to fund losses generated by the business in 2019, IFRS does not permit a restructuring accrual to be recorded as part of the opening balance sheet acquisition accounting for the majority of the expected charges.  The result is a bargain purchase gain of $63 million being recorded in the Q4 2018 results, and based on current estimates an EBITA loss inclusive of restructuring costs of approximately $46 million that will be recorded in the 2019 results. 

Forward Looking Statements

Certain statements herein may be “forward looking” statements that involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of Constellation or the industry to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.  Forward looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties, should not be read as guarantees of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of whether or not such results will be achieved.  A number of factors could cause actual results to vary significantly from the results discussed in the forward looking statements.  These forward looking statements reflect current assumptions and expectations regarding future events and operating performance and are made as of the date hereof and Constellation assumes no obligation, except as required by law, to update any forward looking statements to reflect new events or circumstances.  

Non-IFRS Measures

The term ‘‘Adjusted EBITA’’ refers to net income before adjusting for finance and other income, bargain purchase gain, finance costs, income taxes, share in net income or loss of equity investees, impairment of non-financial assets, amortization, TSS membership liability revaluation charge, and foreign exchange gain or loss.  The Company believes that Adjusted EBITA is useful supplemental information as it provides an indication of the results generated by the Company’s main business activities prior to taking into consideration how those activities are financed and taxed and also prior to taking into consideration intangible asset amortization and the other items listed above.  ‘‘Adjusted EBITA margin’’ refers to the percentage that Adjusted EBITA for any period represents as a portion of total revenue for that period.

‘‘Adjusted net income’’ means net income adjusted for non-cash expenses (income) such as amortization of intangible assets, deferred income taxes, the TSS membership liability revaluation charge, and certain other expenses (income), and excludes the portion of the adjusted net income of Total Specific Solutions (TSS) B.V. (“TSS”) attributable to the minority owners of TSS.  The Company believes that Adjusted net income is useful supplemental information as it provides an indication of the results generated by the Company’s main business activities prior to taking into consideration amortization of intangible assets, deferred income taxes, the TSS membership liability revaluation charge, and certain other non-cash expenses (income) incurred or recognized by the Company from time to time, and adjusts for the portion of TSS’ Adjusted net income not attributable to shareholders of Constellation.  ‘‘Adjusted net income margin’’ refers to the percentage that Adjusted net income for any period represents as a portion of total revenue for that period.

Adjusted EBITA and Adjusted net income are not recognized measures under IFRS and, accordingly, readers are cautioned that Adjusted EBITA and Adjusted net income should not be construed as alternatives to net income determined in accordance with IFRS.  The Company’s method of calculating Adjusted EBITA and Adjusted net income may differ from other issuers and, accordingly, Adjusted EBITA and Adjusted net income may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers.  Adjusted EBITA includes 100% of the Adjusted EBITA of TSS.

The following table reconciles Adjusted EBITA to net income:

                     
      Three months ended
December 31,
      Year ended
December 31,
 
      2018 2017       2018 2017  
    ($M, except percentages)   ($M, except percentages)
                     
Total revenue     830.5   687.6         3,060.1   2,479.4    
                     
Net income     179.0   76.3         379.3   221.9    
Adjusted for:                    
Income tax expense (recovery)     29.4   29.7         106.1   98.9    
Foreign exchange (gain) loss     (6.2 ) (2.3 )       (3.1 ) 8.6    
TSS membership liability revaluation charge     17.6   9.6         55.2   49.9    
Finance and other income     (3.6 ) (1.6 )       (17.0 ) (3.5 )  
Bargain purchase gain     (67.9 ) (4.9 )       (68.5 ) (9.9 )  
Finance costs     7.8   5.3         25.9   24.8    
Amortization of intangible assets     70.0   62.6         278.8   230.5    
                     
Adjusted EBITA     226.1   174.7         756.7   621.2    
Adjusted EBITA margin     27 % 25 %       25 % 25 %  
                     

The following table reconciles Adjusted net income to net income:

                     
      Three months ended
December 31,
      Year ended
December 31,
 
      2018 2017       2018 2017  
    ($M, except percentages)   ($M, except percentages)
                     
Total revenue     830.5   687.6         3,060.1   2,479.4    
                     
Net income     179.0   76.3         379.3   221.9    
Adjusted for:                    
Amortization of intangible assets     70.0   62.6         278.8   230.5    
TSS membership liability revaluation charge     17.6   9.6         55.2   49.9    
Bargain purchase gain     (67.9 ) (4.9 )       (68.5 ) (9.9 )  
Less non-controlling interest in the Adjusted                    
net income of TSS     (7.3 ) (6.2 )       (27.3 ) (22.0 )  
Deferred income tax expense (recovery)     (4.1 ) 3.4         (20.5 ) (7.6 )  
                     
Adjusted net income     187.3   140.8         597.0   462.8    
Adjusted net income margin     23 % 20 %       20 % 19 %  
                     

About Constellation Software Inc.

Constellation’s common shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “CSU”. Constellation acquires, manages and builds vertical market software businesses.

For further information:

Jamal Baksh
Chief Financial Officer
(416) 861-9677
info@csisoftware.com
www.csisoftware.com

SOURCE: CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

     
CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
(In millions of U.S. dollars)
       
       
    December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
       
Assets    
       
Current assets:    
  Cash $ 588.6   $ 489.0  
  Accounts receivable   361.8     316.5  
  Unbilled revenue   79.7     64.1  
  Inventories   34.4     23.2  
  Other assets   142.7     100.1  
      1,207.2     992.9  
       
Non-current assets:    
  Property and equipment   67.4     53.8  
  Deferred income taxes   47.3     38.4  
  Other assets   64.2     21.8  
  Intangible assets   1,549.3     1,181.3  
      1,728.2     1,295.3  
       
Total assets $ 2,935.4   $ 2,288.2  
       
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity    
       
Current liabilities:    
  CSI facility $   $  
  Debt without recourse to Constellation Software Inc.   51.2     96.4  
  TSS membership liability   66.7     49.2  
  Accounts payable and accrued liabilities   463.9     379.3  
  Dividends payable   20.9     21.6  
  Deferred revenue   656.5     541.1  
  Provisions   7.3     10.4  
  Acquisition holdback payables   47.3     42.9  
  Income taxes payable   30.3     31.0  
      1,344.1     1,171.9  
       
Non-current liabilities:    
  Debt without recourse to Constellation Software Inc.   102.5      
  TSS membership liability   117.3     86.6  
  Debentures   214.7     236.5  
  Deferred income taxes   191.5     149.0  
  Acquisition holdback payables   24.8     6.5  
  Other liabilities   74.4     33.5  
      725.2     512.1  
       
Total liabilities   2,069.3     1,684.0  
       
       
Shareholders’ equity:    
  Capital stock   99.3     99.3  
  Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)   (36.7 )   (26.7 )
  Retained earnings   803.5     531.6  
      866.1     604.2  
       
       
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 2,935.4   $ 2,288.2  
       

 

     
CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.
Consolidated Statements of Income
(In millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts)
       
       
       
  Years ended December 31,
    2018       2017  
       
       
Revenue      
License $ 198.3     $ 170.4  
Professional services   615.6       498.2  
Hardware and other   174.6       167.6  
Maintenance and other recurring   2,071.6       1,643.2  
    3,060.1       2,479.4  
       
Expenses      
Staff   1,565.1       1,236.9  
Hardware   95.9       92.7  
Third party license, maintenance and professional services   264.7       212.6  
Occupancy   78.2       58.9  
Travel, telecomunications, supplies, software and equipment   181.1       154.6  
Professional fees   39.1       31.3  
Other, net   52.3       48.6  
Depreciation   27.0       22.6  
Amortization of intangible assets   278.8       230.5  
    2,582.2       2,088.7  
       
       
Foreign exchange loss (gain)   (3.1 )     8.6  
TSS membership liability revaluation charge   55.2       49.9  
Finance and other expense (income)   (17.0 )     (3.5 )
Bargain purchase (gain)   (68.5 )     (9.9 )
Finance costs   25.9       24.8  
    (7.5 )     69.9  
       
Income before income taxes   485.4       320.8  
       
Current income tax expense (recovery)   126.6       106.5  
Deferred income tax expense (recovery)   (20.5 )     (7.6 )
Income tax expense (recovery)   106.1       98.9  
       
Net income   379.3       221.9  
       
Earnings per share      
Basic and diluted $ 17.90     $ 10.47  
       
       

 

       
CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.      
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income      
(In millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts)      
       
       
       
  Years ended December 31,
    2018       2017  
       
Net income $ 379.3     $ 221.9  
       
Items that are or may be reclassified subsequently to net income:      
       
Net change in fair value      
of available-for-sale financial      
asset during the period         (1.3 )
       
Net change in fair value      
of derivatives designated as hedges      
during the period         0.5  
       
Amounts reclassified to profit during the period      
related to realized losses (gains) on      
available-for-sale financial assets         1.3  
       
Foreign currency translation differences from foreign operations   (10.0 )     9.0  
       
Deferred income tax recovery (expense)         (0.1 )
       
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the period, net of income tax   (10.0 )     9.4  
       
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the period $ 369.3     $ 231.3  
       

 

           
CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(In millions of U.S. dollars)
                 
                 
                 
Years ended December 31, 2018              
    Capital
stock
Accumulated other comprehensive
income/(loss)
Total accumulated
other comprehensive
income/(loss)
Retained
earnings
Total
      Cumulative
translation
account
Amounts
related to
gains/losses
on available-
for-sale
financial
assets
Amounts
related to
gains/(losses)
on derivatives
designed as
hedges
     
                 
Balance at January 1, 2018 $    99.3 $    (26.7 ) $      $      $    (26.7 ) $    531.6   $    604.2  
                 
Impact of change in accounting policy                 (22.6 )   (22.6 )
                 
Total comprehensive income for the period:              
                 
Net income                   379.3     379.3  
                 
Other comprehensive income (loss)              
                 
Net change in fair value              
of available-for-sale financial              
asset during the period                      
                 
Net change in fair value              
of derivatives designated as hedges              
during the period                      
                 
Amounts reclassified to profit during the period              
related to realized losses (gains) on              
available-for-sale financial assets                      
                 
Foreign currency translation differences from              
foreign operations     (10.0 )       (10.0 )       (10.0 )
                 
Deferred tax recovery (expense)                      
                 
Total other comprehensive income (loss)              
for the period           (10.0 )                 (10.0 )             (10.0 )
                 
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the period           (10.0 )                 (10.0 )     379.3       369.3  
                 
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity              
Dividends to shareholders of the Company                 (84.8 )   (84.8 )
                 
Balance at December 31, 2018 $    99.3 $    (36.7 ) $      $      $    (36.7 ) $    803.5   $    866.1  
                                     

 

           
CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(In millions of U.S. dollars)
               
               
               
Years ended December 31, 2017              
               
  Capital
stock
Accumulated other comprehensive
income/(loss)
Total accumulated
other comprehensive
income/(loss)
Retained
earnings
Total
    Cumulative
translation
account
Amounts
related to
gains/losses
on available-
for-sale
financial
assets
Amounts
related to
gains/(losses)
on derivatives
designed as
hedges
     
               
Balance at January 1, 2017 99.3 (35.7 )   (0.4 ) (36.1 ) 394.5   457.7  
               
Total comprehensive income for the period:              
               
Net income         221.9   221.9  
               
Other comprehensive income (loss)              
               
Net change in fair value              
of available-for-sale financial              
asset during the period   (1.3 )   (1.3 )   (1.3 )
               
Net change in fair value              
of derivatives designated as hedges              
during the period     0.5   0.5     0.5  
               
Amounts reclassified to profit during the period              
related to realized losses (gains) on              
available-for-sale financial assets   1.3     1.3     1.3  
               
Foreign currency translation differences from              
foreign operations 9.0       9.0     9.0  
               
Deferred tax recovery (expense)     (0.1 ) (0.1 )   (0.1 )
               
Total other comprehensive income for the period 9.0     0.4   9.4     9.4  
               
Total comprehensive income for the period 9.0     0.4   9.4   221.9   231.3  
               
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity              
Dividends to shareholders of the Company         (84.8 ) (84.8 )
               
Balance at December 31, 2017 99.3 (26.7 )     (26.7 ) 531.6   604.2  
               

 

       
CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In millions of U.S. dollars)
           
       
           
      Years ended December 31,
        2018       2017  
           
Cash flows from operating activities:      
  Net income $ 379.3     $ 221.9  
  Adjustments for:      
    Depreciation   27.0       22.6  
    Amortization of intangible assets   278.8       230.5  
    TSS membership liability revaluation charge   55.2       49.9  
    Finance and other expense (income)   (17.0 )     (3.5 )
    Bargain purchase (gain)   (68.5 )     (9.9 )
    Finance costs   25.9       24.8  
    Income tax expense (recovery)   106.1       98.9  
    Foreign exchange loss (gain)   (3.1 )     8.6  
  Change in non-cash operating assets and liabilities      
    exclusive of effects of business combinations   13.6       (15.1 )
  Income taxes paid   (135.3 )     (100.8 )
  Net cash flows from operating activities   662.0       527.9  
           
Cash flows from (used in) financing activities:      
  Interest paid   (24.3 )     (22.1 )
  Increase (decrease) in New CNH Facility, net   (45.9 )     94.8  
  Proceeds from issuance of Acceo facility   110.4        
  Repayments of Acceo facility   (0.5 )      
  Repayments of CNH facility         (138.2 )
  Credit facility transaction costs   (3.5 )     (2.5 )
  Dividends paid   (84.8 )     (84.8 )
  Net cash flows from (used in) in financing activities   (48.6 )     (152.8 )
           
Cash flows from (used in) investing activities:      
  Acquisition of businesses   (523.1 )     (269.2 )
  Cash obtained with acquired businesses   118.2       44.1  
  Post-acquisition settlement payments, net of receipts   (79.8 )     (30.9 )
  Purchases of other long-term investments   (3.1 )      
  Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale equity securities         2.8  
  Interest, dividends and other proceeds received   5.1       23.0  
  Property and equipment purchased   (25.3 )     (19.7 )
  Net cash flows from (used in) investing activities   (508.0 )     (249.9 )
           
Effect of foreign currency on      
  cash and cash equivalents   (5.8 )     10.3  
           
Increase (decrease) in cash   99.6       135.5  
           
Cash, beginning of period   489.0       353.5  
           
Cash, end of period $ 588.6     $ 489.0